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No.QuestionSubjectLevelStatus
041 A 22-year-old student from Kathmandu has matted cervical lymph nodes. Biopsy shows granulomas with central caseous necrosis. Which cytokine is most important in activating the macrophages that form these granulomas?Chronic and granulomatous inflammation · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pathology 042 Which type of giant cell, with nuclei arranged in a horseshoe pattern at the periphery, is characteristic of a tuberculous granuloma?Chronic and granulomatous inflammation · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pathology 043 A sutured surgical wound is healing well. Approximately what proportion of the tensile strength of normal skin will it have regained by three months?Healing and repair · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pathology 044 After a myocardial infarction, the dead muscle is replaced by a fibrous scar rather than new muscle. This is because cardiac myocytes belong to which group of cells?Healing and repair · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pathology 045 A bronchial biopsy from a long-term smoker shows stratified squamous epithelium in place of the normal ciliated columnar epithelium. What is this change called?Cell injury and adaptation · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pathology 046 Two days after a long bus journey from Kathmandu to Dhangadhi, a 45-year-old woman with a swollen, tender calf collapses with sudden breathlessness and chest pain. What is the most likely source of the embolus?Haemodynamic disorders · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pathology 047 Minutes after a wasp sting, a farmer develops urticaria, wheeze and hypotension. Which mechanism is responsible?Immunopathology · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pathology 048 A 9-year-old boy develops cola-coloured urine, puffiness of the face and hypertension two weeks after a streptococcal skin infection. Which type of hypersensitivity underlies the kidney disease?Immunopathology · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pathology 049 A farmer from Chitwan is brought to the emergency room after drinking an organophosphate insecticide. He has pinpoint pupils, profuse salivation, bradycardia and crepitations in the chest. Which drug should be given first to reverse these effects?Cholinergic drugs and anticholinesterases · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 050 In organophosphate poisoning, pralidoxime is given along with atropine. What is its mechanism of action?Cholinergic drugs and anticholinesterases · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 051 A child from Dang with a krait bite and descending paralysis is given a trial of neostigmine in addition to antivenom. Atropine is given just before the neostigmine for which reason?Cholinergic drugs and anticholinesterases · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 052 A 6-year-old boy is brought from a village after eating Datura seeds. He is agitated and hallucinating, with hot dry skin, widely dilated pupils and tachycardia. Which drug is the specific antidote?Cholinergic drugs and anticholinesterases · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 053 Which inhaled antimuscarinic drug is used as a bronchodilator in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?Anticholinergic drugs · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 054 A tourist who suffers from motion sickness is about to travel the winding road from Kathmandu to Pokhara. Which drug is most effective for prevention?Anticholinergic drugs · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 055 A 30-year-old woman develops stridor, generalised urticaria and hypotension minutes after an injection of penicillin at a clinic in Hetauda. What is the drug of choice?Adrenergic agonists · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 056 Propranolol should be avoided in a patient with which condition?Adrenergic blockers · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 057 A 68-year-old man with urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia has normal blood pressure. Which drug relieves the obstruction with the least effect on blood pressure?Adrenergic blockers · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 058 A woman in Nepalgunj taking a combined oral contraceptive becomes pregnant two months after starting treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Which drug is most likely responsible for the contraceptive failure?General pharmacology · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 059 A young man is brought to the emergency room unconscious, with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 6 per minute after injecting an opioid. Which drug is the specific antidote?General pharmacology · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology 060 A patient started on enalapril for hypertension develops a persistent dry cough. Accumulation of which substance is responsible?Cardiovascular and renal drugs · NMC Licensing Examination pattern Pharmacology